Analgesics (Medicinal Chemistry)- Seminar preparation:

Analgesics:

An analgesic is a medicine that relieves pain.

The medicines are commonly used to treat pain due to arthritis, surgery, injury, toothache, headache, menstrual cramps, sore muscles, or other causes.

Types of anasthetics:

Opioids (narcotics):

 such as morphine, oxycodone

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs):

 such as Advil (ibuprofen), Aleve (naproxen), Celebrex (celecoxib).

Analgesic Side Effects:

Constipation, Upset stomach ,Ringing in your ears, Skin itching or rash ,Dry mouth.

Some examples:

1.Ibuprofen:

Ibuprofen is a medication in the non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) class that is used for treating pain, fever, and inflammation.

It typically begins working within an hour.

Common side effects

 * heartburn and a rash.

 It increases the risk of heart failure, kidney failure, and liver failure.

it appears to be harmful in later pregnancy and therefore is not recommended.

Medical uses:

Ibuprofen is used primarily to treat fever mild to moderate pain (including pain relief after surgery), painful menstruation, dental pain, headaches, and pain from kidney stones. 

It is used for inflammatory diseases such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Adverse effects:

Adverse effects include nausea, dyspepsia, diarrhea, constipation, gastrointestinal ulceration/bleeding, headache, dizziness, rash, salt and fluid retention, and high blood pressure.

Infrequent adverse effects include esophageal ulceration, heart failure.

Stereochemistry:

It is an optically active compound with both S and R-isomers, of which the S (dextrorotatory) isomer is the more biologically active.

Ketoprofen:

(RS)-2-(3-benzoylphenyl)-propionic acid (chemical formula C16H14O3) is one of the propionic acid class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) with analgesic and antipyretic effects.

It acts by inhibiting the body's production of prostaglandin.

Medical uses:

Ketoprofen is generally prescribed for arthritis-related inflammatory pains or severe toothaches.

It is used for treatment of musculoskeletal pain.

Ketoprofen can also be used for treatment of some pain, especially nerve pain such as sciatica, postherpetic neuralgia.

Side effect:

upset stomach, heartburn, stomach pain, unusual tiredness, constipation, diarrhea, headache, skin itching or rash, dry mouth, increased sweating,

Nefopam

It sold under the brand names nefopam medisol among others, is a painkilling medication. It is primarily used to treat moderate to severe, acute or chronic pain.

It is believed to work in the brain and spinal cord to relieve pain.

Medical uses

Nefopam has additional action in the prevention of shivering, which may be a side effect of other drugs used in surgery.

 Nefopam was significantly more effective than aspirin as an analgesic in one clinical trial,[6] although with a greater incidence of side effects such as sweating, dizziness and nausea, especially at higher doses.

Side effects

Common side effects include nausea, nervousness, dry mouth, light-headedness and urinary retention.

Less common side effects include vomiting, blurred vision, drowsiness, sweating, insomnia, headache, confusion, hallucinations, tachycardia, aggravation of angina and rarely a temporary and benign pink discolouration of the skin .



Source: Wikipedia

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