Woodward's rules

Woodward's rules, named after Robert Burns Woodward and also known as Woodward–Fieser rules are several sets of empirically derived rules which attempt to predict the wavelength of the absorption  maximum (λmax) in an ultraviolet visible spectrum of a given compound. Inputs used in the calculation are the type of chromophores present, the substituents on the chromophores, and shifts due to the solvent. Examples are conjugated carbonyl compounds,conjugated dienes, and polyenes.

Example

Reference 

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodward's_rules

Infrared spectroscopy

Infrared spectroscopy or vibrational spectroscopy involves the interaction of infrared radiation with matter. It covers a range of techniques, mostly based on absorption spectroscopy. As with all spectroscopic techniques, it can be used to identify and study chemical substances. Samples may be solid, liquid, or gas. The method or technique of infrared spectroscopy is conducted with an instrument called an infrared spectrometer.

Reserpine

Reserpine is a drug that is used for the treatment of high blood pressure.

Reserpine has also been used for relief of psychotic symptoms.Reserpine is one of dozens of indole alkaloids  isolated from the plant Rauvolfia serpentina. In the rauwolfia plant, tryptophan is the starting material in the biosynthetic pathway of reserpine.

Reference https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserpine

Glycogen

Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide  of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals,fungi, and bacteria.The polysaccharide structure represents the main storage form of glucose in the body.In humans, glycogen is made and stored primarily in the cells of the liver and skeletal muscle. In the liver, glycogen can make up 5–6% of the organ's fresh weight, and the liver of an adult weighing 70 kg can se roughly 100–120 grams of glycogen.In skeletal muscle, glycogen is found in a low concentration  and the skeletal muscle of an adult weighing 70 kg stores roughly 400 grams of glycogen. The amount of glycogen stored in the body—particularly within the muscles and liver—mostly depends on physical training, basal metabolic rate, and eating habits. Small amounts of glycogen are also found in other tissues and cells, including the kidneys, red blood cells,white blood cells,and glial cells in the brain.
Glycogen is the analogue of starch, a glucose polymer that functions as energy storage in plants. It has a structure similar to amylopectin,  but is more extensively branched and compact than starch. Both are white powders in their dry state. Glycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol/cytoplasm in many cell types, and plays an important role in the glucose cycle.

Oligomer

Oligomers are low molecular weight polymers comprising a small number of repeat units whose physical properties are significantly dependent on the length of the chain.In biochemistry, an oligomer usually refers to a macromolecular complex formed by non-covalent bonding of a few macromolecules like proteins or nucleic acids. In this sense, a homo-oligomer would be formed by few identical molecules and by contrast, a hetero-oligomer would be made of more than one, different, macromolecules. Collagen is an example of a homo-oligomeric protein that is composed of three identical protein chains.

Caffeine

Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class. It is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive drug.

Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline purine, a methylxanthine alkaloid, and is chemically related to the adenine and guanine bases of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).Caffeine can have both positive and negative health effects. It can treat and prevent the premature infant breathing disorders bronchopulmonary dysplasia of prematurity and apnea of prematurity.Caffeine can increase blood pressure and cause vasoconstriction.Coffee and caffeine can affect gastrointestinal motility  and gastric acid secretion.

Reference  

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine

Cyanocobalamin

Cyanocobalamin is a manufactured form of vitamin B 12. It used to treat vitamin B12 deficiency. This may occur in pernicious anemia and  bowel cancer.It is used by mouth, by injection into a muscle.

Possible side effects of cyanocobalamin injection include allergic reactions such as hives, difficult breathing; redness of the face; swelling of the arms, hands, feet, ankles or lower legs; extreme thirst; and diarrhoea. Less-serious side effects may include headache, dizziness, leg pain, itching, or rash.Cyanocobalamin is one of the most widely manufactured vitamers in the vitamin B
12  family  because cyanocobalamin is the most air-stable of the B 12 forms. It is the easiest[citation needed] to crystallize and therefore easiest  to purify after it is produced by bacterial fermentation, or synthesized in vitro. It can be obtained as dark red crystals or as an amorphous red powder. Cyanocobalamin is hygroscopic in the anhydrous form, and sparingly soluble in water. Cyanocobalamin is commercially prepared by bacterial fermentation. Fermentation by a variety of microorganisms yields a mixture of methyl-, hydroxo- and adenosylcobalamin. These compounds are converted to cyanocobalamin by addition of potassium cyanide in the presence of sodium nitrite and heat.