Chemical warfare agents and treatment strategies

Chemical warfare agents is the substances that have toxic effects on the environment and human. Which cause a large number of deaths and disabilities in a short time.The short term effects of these agents  may be leads to 

long term reflections which can  affect the next generation. During the world war it plays a vital role to destroying anything. Five million deaths were happened  only due to nerve agents. The World War II has used large scale  of the use of chemical agents. Due to these detrimental effects, their usage is restricted or prohibited by various international organizations. Chemical

agents have been used by some countries and terrorist groups. Effects of these agents can take part vary from basic symptoms such as nose irritation to serious problems such as respiratory arrest. Healthcare professionals working in  these agents should have sufficient knowledge and know about precaution methods  and be aware of their effects on the body.

In 1915 Clorine was used by Germany when nearly 10,000

people died and over a million people got injured by chemical agents. Syria also used chemical agents against civilions in  2012. After this the utilization of chemical

weapons  against civilians in Douma city, East Ghouta and Syria was increased. Chemical warfare agents are cheap and toxic compounds which are produced and can be stored easily. They may be utilized as a weapon. Their use is controlled by Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) (Geneva) and Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), some countries and terrorist groups disobey the prohibition. 

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Reference: DOI: 10.5455/annalsmedres.2018.08.166

Photocatalytic water splitting

Photocatalytic water splitting is an artificial photosynthesis process with photocatalysis in a photoelectrochemical cell used for the dissociation of water into hydrogen and oxygen , using artificial, natural light.Hydrogen fuel production has most attention when  the  global warming has grown. Methods such as photocatalytic water splitting are being investigated to produce hydrogen, a clean-burning fuel. Water splitting holds particular promise since it utilizes water, an inexpensive renewable resource.

 Photocatalytic water splitting has the simplicity of using a catalyst and sunlight to produce hydrogen out of water.

When H2O is split into O2 and H2, the ratio of its products is 2:1.

 The process of water-splitting is a highly endothermic process . Water splitting occurs naturally in photosynthesis when the energy of a photon is absorbed and converted into the chemical energy through a complex biological pathway .Theoretically, infrared light has enough energy to split water into hydrogen and oxygen; however, this reaction is very slow because the wavelength is greater than 750 nm. The potential must be less than 3.0 V to make efficient use of the energy present across the full spectrum of sunlight. Water splitting can transfer charges, but not be able to avoid corrosion for long term stability.Due to the transparency of water to visible light, photolysis can only occur with a radiation wavelength of 180 nm or shorter.Materials used in photocatalytic water splitting fulfill the band requirements outlined previously and typically have dopants and/or co-catalysts added to optimize their performance.Most semiconductors with suitable band structures to split water absorb mostly UV light; in order to absorb visible light, it is necessary to narrow the band gap.

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photocatalytic_water_splitting#Method_of_evaluation